岩溶山区磷石膏堆场重金属迁移对耕地质量的影响及污染风险管控

[目的]探讨磷石膏堆场周边耕地土壤重金属含量的变化、成因及污染风险,为磷化工产业可持续发展及水土环境重金属污染的治理提供科学依据。[方法]通过对贵州省中部磷石膏堆场进行实地调查与采样开展分析和研究。[结果]磷石膏堆场排水、侵蚀冲沟水及洼地积水中Cd,Hg,As的含量都超过农田灌溉水质一类标准(水作)水质限值,特别是Cd。在磷石膏堆场周边50～300 m范围内,玉米地、蔬菜地、水稻土中Cd的含量分别超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值的4.87～9.43倍、8.83～19.13倍和3.83～13.42倍,堆场周边旱作土主要是Cd,As,Zn的污染风险,而水稻土则主要是Cd,As,Hg,Zn的污染风险;大部分蔬菜地土壤和水稻土中Cd的含量超过农用地土壤污染风险管控值。[结论]天然降雨对露天磷石膏堆场产生的侵蚀及淋溶作用是重金属迁移的主要原因,在地表水流方向上耕地重金属污染风险随着堆场距离的增加而逐步减小。兴修排灌设施及调整种植结构是减少磷石膏堆场周边耕地重金属污染的有效途径。     

带借贷利率和干扰的双Poisson-Geometric风险过程模型

考虑了带借贷利率及干扰的双复合Poisson-Geometric风险过程,借助全期望公式、微分和伊藤积分等知识,并综合引起破产的原因得到无限时破产概率积分微分方程和有限时破产概率的积分偏微分方程.     

O-U过程下具有不确定执行价格的领子期权定价

假设股票价格遵循广义O-U(Ornstein-Uhlenback)过程,执行价格为不确定执行价格并服从几何分数布朗运动,利用拟鞅和测度变换的方法,得到该模型下领子期权定价公式并进行数值分析.该结果推广了常数参数下领子期权的结果,为金融衍生品创新提供了更多的理论依据.     

小径柚木异型胶合工艺对集成材胶合性能的影响

以胶合压力、施胶量(单面)、加压时间为影响因素,通过正交试验优化小径柚木胶合工艺,在此基础上研究胶合工艺参数、组合纹理与异型单元件斜边角度对集成材胶合性能的影响。结果表明:优化胶合工艺参数为胶合压力0.7 MPa,施胶量(单面)220 g/m^2,加压时间40 min;胶合压力对胶合剪切强度有显著影响,施胶量(单面)和加压时间对胶合性能影响不显著,随着胶合压力增大,胶合剪切强度随之减小。异型单元件斜边角度和不同纹理组合都对胶合剪切强度有显著影响,对木破率无显著影响。随着梯形组坯单元件斜边角度的增加,胶合剪切强度增加。在弦弦、径弦、径径纹理组合中,弦弦组合纹理胶合剪切强度最大。     

模拟降雨条件下地表起伏对产流产沙的影响

揭示地表起伏形态对产流和产沙的影响及作用机理,为蓄水保土、调节径流和控制径流提供参考依据。通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,在3种降雨强度(60,90,120 mm/h)下,分析了5种起伏的地表(单凸起、单凹陷、凹凸相间、凹凸相连、光滑)坡面的产流产沙情况。结果表明:(1)在3种雨强下,5种地形的初始产流时间表现为:光滑地表单凸起地表单凹陷地表凹凸相间地表凹凸相连地表,且产流越早的地表其产流量和径流系数也越高;(2)在3种雨强下,5种地表的次降雨产沙量和产沙强度由小到大依次为:凹凸相连地表凹凸相间地表单凹陷地表光滑地表单凸起地表,产沙强度越大的地表其产沙过程越不稳定;(3)与光滑地表相比,地表凸起会加剧土壤流失,地表凹陷会减轻土壤流失,且凸起和凹陷组合的地表其减轻土壤流失的效应更显著;(4)降雨强度的增大会削弱不同地表起伏对产流产沙的影响。研究结论为地表起伏类型对坡面产流产沙有重要影响,光滑地表最易产生径流,凸起地表土壤流失最严重,凹凸相连地表蓄水保土效益最好。     

美国白蛾入侵武汉市的风险分析及防控对策

依据林业有害生物风险分析指标体系及各级评判模型风险分析方法,通过对美国白蛾定性和定量的危险性分析,得出危险值R=2.54,说明美国白蛾对武汉市属于特别危险的外来林业有害生物,结合武汉市周边美国白蛾发生情况,提出了针对性的防控对策。     

黄土高原半干旱区保护性耕作适应性评价

在黄土高原半干旱区连续4年保护性耕作试验的基础上,利用层次分析法,对5种保护性耕作法与传统耕作法适应性(生态与经济)进行综合评价,探究适合黄土高原半干旱区的保护性农业技术体系.结果表明:在两种轮作次序(小麦/豌豆、豌豆//小麦)、两种投入方式(计秸秆和不计秸秆)下,保护性耕作法免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)综合适应性指数(PI)均显著高于其他几种耕作方式,且PI在0.76～0.86之间,是传统耕作法(T)的2～2.5倍,NTS在该地区的适应性最强;NTS、免耕不覆盖(NT)、免耕结合地膜覆盖(NTP)3种耕作方式的PI高于传统耕作结合秸秆还田(TS)、T、传统耕作结合地膜覆盖(TP),说明NTS、NT、NTP在该区的适应性优于TS、T、TP.因此,在黄土高原半干旱区实施保护性耕作措施NTS,更能促进该区农业的持续发展.     

辽宁省污灌区土壤重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

针对当前污灌区土壤污染研究中存在的问题,提出了一种模糊识别模型评价土壤综合环境质量,并对潜在生态风险指数法进行改进,用以计量重金属潜在生态风险。采用建立的方法对辽宁省污灌区土壤环境质量和重金属潜在生态风险进行了评价,结果显示:Cd是辽宁省污灌区首要重金属污染物,而Hg、Pb、Ni污染较为普遍;重金属的来源主要是灌溉污水和农田施肥;以工业废水为灌溉用水的灌区污染情况比以河水为灌溉用水的灌区污染严重;污灌区重金属元素污染程度大小依次为:Cd>Pb>Ni>Hg>Cu>Cr>As,而重金属潜在生态风险从大到小则依次为:Cd>Hg>Pb>Cu>Ni>As>Cr。总体来看,辽宁省污灌区存在一定程度的重金属污染,且具有较为明显的复合型污染特点,其潜在生态风险超出警戒水平,各灌区应根据各自污染特点和风险等级制定相应的污染防治对策。     

GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using analytical hierarchy process and bivariate statistics in Ardesen (Turkey): Comparisons of results and confirmations

The Ardesen area is prone to landslides because of the climate conditions, geologic, and geomorphologic characteristics of the region. As in previous years, in 2001 due to heavy rainfall there were many landslides resulting in damage and human casualties. There is still a great danger of further landslides in the region. Therefore, it is vitally important to prepare a landslide susceptibility map of the region. In this study, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), the statistical index (Wi), and weighting factor (Wf) methods were used to produce and later compare three susceptibility maps. For this purpose, thematic layers including landslide inventory, lithology-weathering, slope, aspect, land cover, distance to stream, drainage density, and distance to road were used. In this study area, 98% of landslides occurred in highly or completely weathered units. Lithology-weathering, land cover, and slope data layers were found to be important factors in the study area. To confirm the practicality of the three susceptibility maps were compared with a landslide activity map containing 16 active landslide zones. The outcome was that the active landslide zones do not completely fit into the high and very high susceptibility classes. But 81.3% of these landslide zones fall into the high and very high susceptibility zones of the AHP method while this is 62.5% in the case of Wi method, and 68.8% with the Wf method. In spite of the results obtained in this study, the development of a susceptibility map is usually determined by the needs and available resources. The results showed that the AHP method gave a more realistic picture of the actual distribution of landslide susceptibility, than the Wi and Wf methods.